Introduction Notre-Dame Cathedral, officially known as Notre-Dame de Paris (Our Lady of Paris), stands as one of the most iconic monuments in the world. Located on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France, this masterpiece of Gothic architecture has witnessed centuries of history, cultural transformation, and religious devotion. The cath

Historians have long grappled with the meaning and significance of Edward’s confession. Some view it as an expression of genuine remorse, while others see it as a political instrument crafted by his captors. Recent scholarship emphasizes the need to understand the confession within the medieval context of power struggles, propaganda, and limit

The surviving records of Edward II’s confession are sparse and often contradictory. Chroniclers such as Geoffrey le Baker and the anonymous Vita Edwardi Secundi provide narrative details, but their accounts vary widely. One of the most famous passages suggests that Edward admitted to poor judgment in his choice of favorites, which alienated th

Political opposition against Edward culminated in a baronial revolt, led by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and later by Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer. In 1326, Edward was captured and forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Edward III. He was imprisoned in Berkeley Castle, where his life came to a mysterious and brutal end in 1327. Th